The Palace Museum collection of international art includes lacquers, ceramics, glassware, enamels, metalwork, textiles, paintings, books, sculpture, furniture, timepieces, and scientific instruments. These diverse holdings originated in artisan workshops and manufactories in England, Japan, France, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Italy, Austria, the United States, Bulgaria, and the Korean Peninsula. The collection is primarily constituted of former Qing imperial holdings. Other acquisitions are from official collection-efforts from among the general populace or by generous donations from individuals.